However, the calculation for this statement excludes the additional military expenses just discussed, and it uses a misleading measure of federal spending. The fiscal year 2013 defense budget: A report card. Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. Betrayal in the Ranks. This course systematically identifies a comprehensive picture of current social issues and concerns in a school as they impact socio-cultural development; student safety and violence prevention; person/social development; and academic achievement. (2012, February 18). Public, private organizations work to help thousands of homeless veterans in NY. ABSTRACT This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century wasand was nota creature of the Cold War. Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. Most of these victims were civilians, and most of these civilian deaths were the result of actions by the United States and its allies. Other types of less obvious social changes have also resulted from various wars. Scholar John Tirman worries that Americans have generally ignored the civilian victims of US wars. The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. Dont blame the caveman. Reid Kasprowicz A Flag for the Fallen CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. In one example of what Tirman (2011, p. 153) calls a typical massacre, US soldiers arrived at a village that had just been bombed and ordered surviving residents to gather at the center of the town. Friends Committee on National Legislation. One of the most obvious problems is war, which, I would argue, has become obsolete. As we move further into the twenty-first century, the issue of military spending will present a major challenge for US political and economic institutions to address in a way that meets Americas international and domestic interests. However it is calculated, the US military budget is by far the highest in the world and in fact accounts for 43 percent of the worlds military spending. War between nations is called international war, while war within nations is called civil war. (2012, January 12). This type of research accelerated, however, after several scandals involving sexual assault and harassment occurred during the 1990s on military bases and at military academies. War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). Reflecting this decline, a smaller percentage of the worlds population died in armed conflict during the past century than in earlier eras. It is a tremendously important branch of research that examines what it means to be a social being, how individuals function together as organized groups and societies, and how they interact with each other on issues of common interest. US veterans: By the numbers. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. Researchers found that acceptance and support from community and family may lessen the toll of mental health conditions experienced by former child soldiers. Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. According to the Education Research Center, United States, around 7,000 high school students drop out of school every day.The high drop out rates are propelled by social issues in education as mentioned above. Tirman (2012) acknowledges that the carpet bombing, atomic bombing, and other actions in World War II that killed hundreds of thousands of civilians may have had strategic purposes, and the morality of these actions remains hotly debated today. social science, any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. Poverty, discrimination, and addiction are examples of such problems. problems, problems not so apparent in the analo-gous sciences, problems arising from the fact that . The article presents major trends and turning points in the growth of five social science disciplines in the country: anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. 4 Units. Guns versus butter is a macroeconomics phrase that illustrates the dilemma that nations face in deciding their spending priorities. In fact, rape and sexual assault are the leading cause of PTSD among women veterans, while combat trauma is the leading cause of PTSD among male veterans. Key features include: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. The establishment of foreign bases provided the Commission of Government with an unforeseen amount of wealth, which it used to improve social services. When sexual assaults and sexual harassment are added to the crimes mentioned to respondents, between 22 percent and 84 percent of women report being raped, sexually assaulted, and/or sexually harassed while serving. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131. As a result, and despite the fact that endeavors to reward labor for its wartime cooperation were, in general, provisional, partial, and half-hearted, it was nonetheless the case that labor achieved some real gains (Halperin, 2004, p. 155). War Resisters League. (2011). Causes of war. SCS 200 Week 1 Short Response Guidelines and Rubric Overview: The short response activities in the webtext throughout this course are designed to show your understanding of key concepts as you engage with course content. Many came back addicted to heroin and other drugs, many were unemployed, and many became homeless. "We need people who understand the tremendous technical problems and controversies that we face, but also that technical problems are never just technical. Newsweek, 5262. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/. Deaths in wars and conflicts in the 20th century. Sources: Fischer, H. (2005). Identify two social science issues related to education. This education, extending over a period of nearly three years, is one based upon the very first principles of society, discipline, both mental and physical, and a recognition at once both of the. Gerber, S. (2012, February 7). Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment Identify two social science issues related to war. Noting that the military budget today exceeds the average budget during the Cold War, they think military spending is far higher than it needs to be to ensure the nations defense with the Soviet Union no longer a threat. As this brief discussion suggests, US veterans have many unmet needs. Now, all I see is blood (Herdy & Moffeit, 2004, p. 4). Turchik, J. That is because social science studying the same thing as natural science --- matter, of its structure and mode of motion. When one woman who was raped by two soldiers in Iraq told her commander, he threatened her with a charge of adultery because she was married (Speier, 2012). Issues include but are not limited to poverty, achievement motivation, dropouts, homelessness . Where your income tax money really goes. This episode of Social Science of War examines a range of issues related to Army talent managementfrom the ways in which service in the. (2012). The aim is to build a community of authors and readers to discuss the latest research and develop new ideas and research directions. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . ABC News. Military spending: A poor job creator. Identify two social science issues related to education. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. As Chapter 15 Population and the Environment discussed, population growth may lead to armed conflict of various types, including war, because growing populations need more food, water, and other resources. The Nation. Only about one-seventh of these victims reported their rapes and sexual assaults. (2012, May 18). To be blunt, American troops simply shot untold hundreds of Korean and Vietnamese civilians in cold blood. Each submarine is projected to cost more than $8 billion to build and another $21 billion in constant dollars in operation and maintenance costs over its lifetime (Castelli, 2012). For example, the Iraq war that began in 2003 involved two countries more than any others, the United States and Iraq. Even if they are less frequent and less deadly than in the past, that is of little comfort to the tens of millions of people around the world during the past century who died or otherwise suffered in war and other armed conflict and who live in fear today of becoming a victim of armed conflict. If warfare is not biological in origin, then it is best understood as a social phenomenon, one that has its roots in the decisions of political and military officials. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). New York, NY: Penguin. They add that the exports often go to nations ruled by dictators, who then use them to threaten their own people (Feinstein, 2011; Shah, 2011). In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. Here are the top 10 popular social issues of 2022. The $300 million cost of each F-35 fighter aircraft could pay for the salaries of 10,000 new teachers. First, the human brain is far more advanced than the brains of other primates, and genetic instincts that might drive these primates behavior do not necessarily drive human behavior. Our guests begin by discussing Russian grand strategy and by framing the threat posed by Russia to US national security. An ongoing Gallup poll asks Americans to rate the most important problems and social issues facing the country. 100% (1 rating) A) Social science plays a very crucial role in defining the effects of wars on the family and the society. American war and military operations casualties: Lists and statistics. This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. The authors, by reviewing the recent work of several behavioral and social science disciplines concerned with the impact of war upon society, suggest that the study of war's social ramifications has been characterized by the publication of empirical work that neglects, to some extent, the larger sociological implications of war as well as its Advocates for veterans with severe physical or cognitive problems also urge the government to greatly expand its very small program of monthly cash payments to these veterans families to help replace their lost incomes (Einhorn, 2011). This report concluded that the more money we spend on unneeded weapons programs, the more layoffs there will be of police officers, firefighters, teachers, and other workers whose jobs are funded directly or indirectly by federal spending.. Although calculations are complex, total military spending accounted for an estimated 43 percent to 48 percent of discretionary spending in 2011 (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). Wrangham, R. W. (2004). Speier, J. The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber) Give Me Liberty! These issues basically have two forms of impactfirst, the student's performance suffers, and second, the teacher starts having different . These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html. Many veterans are experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), marked by nightmares, panic attacks, and other symptoms (Dao, 2012). New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. In another example, the Navy is designing a new series of nuclear submarines, with construction planned to start in 2019. Veterans in History and Society. Trade-offs. Want to create or adapt books like this? As wars end, young veterans return to scant jobs. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. Special Issues are led by Guest Editors who are experts in the subject and oversee the editorial process for papers. Social science is the study of people: as individuals, communities and societies; their behaviours and interactions with each other and with their built, technological and natural environments. InsideDefense.com NewsStand. A major reason for this problem was that the Pentagon had begun building these systems before their designs had been completely tested. Most Americans continued to live their normal lives, whereas most Iraqis had to struggle to survive the many ravages of war. An Associated Press photo of her running naked and screaming with burns after her village was napalmed was one of the most memorable photos of that war. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families We have textbook solutions for you! It soon became the biggest social and economical problem for the whole world. As a result, reported rapes and sexual assaults compose only a very small percentage of all military rapes and sexual assaults. NIJ's portfolio of social science research on forensic science was built in three "waves." Women veterans face a special problem that most male veterans do not have to fear. New York Times, p. B4. Many of the social problems in society are connected in subtle ways, but all social problems are connected to the leadership of countries, corporations, and other groups. John Tirman, director of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worries that Americans have neglected the civilian victims of war. McGovern, G. (2011). 7 answers. vanden Heuvel, K. (2011, June 13). Lochhead, C. (2012, February 14). . Although she survived, it took seventeen surgeries to turn her whole again. By any measure, then, the US military has played a fundamental role, for better or worse, in the nations foreign affairs historically and also today. War is a social phenomenon in which a mixture of motives underlies decisions to go to war. Choose one of the five social institutions. If we say the history of the United States has been written in war, that is not too much of an exaggeration. Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. Job numbers are up, but veterans are left behind. (2012, February 17). Federal spending includes both mandatory and discretionary spending. His bodys here, but his mind is not here anymore. Worrell, M. P. (2011). This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. Human and human social systems are matter. Where do our income tax dollars go. Although wars, other armed conflicts, terrorism, and genocide certainly continue, and 100 million is a terribly high number of deaths, the world overall is in fact more peaceful now than in the past. Question DescriptionIdentify two social science issues related to war. Since Arias wrote these words, the United States has spent more than $5.5 trillion on defense outlays in constant dollars (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010), including $1.3 trillion on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. New York, NY: Routledge. To put that another way, between 43 percent and 48 percent of all federal income tax dollars were used for military expenditures that year. Once they were evacuated, their villages were designated free fire zones, and then often bombed indiscriminately once again, killing any villagers who managed to remain in these zones despite the evacuations. APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from by clicking the purchase button below $12.00 Added to cart Related Questions: Watch this clip from the popular TV show Adam Ruins Everything titled The Secret Reason Weed is Illegal . Much of these mandatory expenses are funded by trust funds, such as Social Security taxes, which are raised and spent separately from income taxes. The deaths of others: The fate of civilians in Americas wars. Resources, the environment, and conflict. Depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems such as insomnia are the most common effects. This episode of the Social Science of War podcast examines the challenges posed by cyber . DOD: New nuclear subs will cost $347 billion to acquire, operate. US veterans: By the numbers. According to this argument, war is part of our genetic heritage because the humans who survived tens of thousands of years ago were those who were most able, by virtue of their temperament and physicality, to take needed resources from other humans they attacked and to defend themselves from attackers. Very few studies include men in their surveys, but one study reported a 3 percent rate of sexual assault victimization for men while they were in the military. The structural approach was soon bolstered by Kenneth Waltz's neorealist Theory of International Politics (1979), and reinforced 20 years later on a different front by Alexander . Read summaries of the latest scientific research pertaining to a range of social issues. Vietnam Veterans Against the War. Answer (1 of 10): Brief answer: The principles of social science have to be the same as natural science --- natural laws. Defense outlays rose by 85 percent beyond inflation between 2000 and 2011. The war of social media," Popular Science, 288 (2 . Some 400,000 tons of napalm were used altogether. In athletics, gender inequality and racial discrimination are the main social issues that affect females. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1. New York, NY: Penguin. Rape, sexual assault, and sexual harassment in the military: The quick facts. Each F-35 costs about $300 million. tific Monthly 50: 5-17, 1940. This diversion of funds is unfortunate, but it might still be necessary if the high level of US military spending is needed to ensure the nations security. The Second World War triggered a series of rapid and far-reaching social changes in Newfoundland and Labrador. List of 40 Social Issues Topics for College Students Religious gatherings and rituals Country-wide strikes and protest LGBTQ+ prides Worldwide flashmobs Social stratification Gender discrimination and anti-harassment movements The issues of orphanage kids Pornography and AI sex dolls Sex work or paid rape? Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html. The Note 16.13 Children and Our Future box discusses this problem in greater detail. Epistemologically, scientific realism is (say, mainly) based on the idea that we generate theoretical entities to understand, describe, and discover a structure . Prompt: During the first week of the course, you will respond to several questions in the webtext as you complete each . Historically and also today, nations in the Middle East and elsewhere have gone to war or are otherwise in conflict because of religious differences. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab. Outline both sides to the debate over the size of the US military budget. Audit of Pentagon spending finds $70 billion in waste. Second, many societies studied by anthropologists have been very peaceful, suggesting that a tendency to warfare is more cultural than biological. Around the globe, US military bases generate resentment, not security. I see glimpses of him, but hes not who he was (Einhorn, 2011, p. A12). Economic gangsters: Corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Peace Studies Program. China ranked a distant second at $119 billion, followed by the United Kingdom at $60 billion and France at $49 billion (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010). Feb 2, 2023. Daedalus, 133(4), 2535. Sexual assault in the US military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future. Many veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have also come back home with these problems. Although the causes of World War II are complex, Hitlers effort to conquer much of Europe stemmed at least partly from his belief that Aryans (Germans and other Europeans with blond hair and blue eyes) were a superior species and non-Aryans were an inferior species (Bess, 2008). Introduction. The defense industry remains a powerful force in the US economy six decades after Eisenhower issued his warning, and US military spending continues unabated. Cost equivalencies illustrate what is lost when so much money is spent on the military, especially on weapons systems that do not work and are not needed. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). The second period is 19391945, when World War II killed 55 million people. (2011). (2011). Nations also go to war for ideological reasons: they have certain belief systems that lead them to hold prejudice and other hostile feelings toward nations with different belief systems. Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010. Boot, M. (2012). Theme: Exploring Social Science Issues, learning block 1-1 (page 4) Military preparedness does not come cheap. Social studies is an integrated research field. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The suicide rate of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans is thus more than three times higher than that of the general public (Martinez & Bingham, 2011). The Nation. Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. A popular explanation comes from the field of evolutionary biology and claims that a tendency toward warfare is hardwired into our genetic heritage because it conferred certain evolutionary advantages. Because it took place in Iraq, many more Iraqis than Americans died or were wounded, and the war certainly affected Iraqi societyits infrastructure, economy, natural resources, and so forthfar more than it affected American society. Slashing Americas defense: A suicidal trajectory. Looking after the soldier, back home and damaged. Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? The Navy plans to purchase twelve of these submarines. Another dimension of militarism involves arms exports by both the US government and US military contractors. 1. In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. An unknown number of civilians were burned severely or, if they were lucky, died. Virtual reality Regardless of these problems, this growing body of research documents how often rape and sexual assault in the military occur. Bikeshedding Bikeshedding is the tendency for groups to focus on solving trivial problems while neglecting larger problems. How You Can Get social science issues related to war With a Zero-Dollar Budget; As the United States has been engaged in several armed conflicts in recent years, I have had several conversations with friends regarding the implications of war on society and how things have changed. For example, the F-35 fighter aircraft has been plagued with management problems, huge cost-overruns, [and] substantial performance shortfalls, according to a recent news report (Kaplan, 2012). New York Times, p. A1. Determining the Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military. It includes studies of individuals and the . The trend continued in 2013, when we funded seven projects. First, the defense industry is very effective at lobbying Congress for increased military spending, with the cozy relationship among members of the military-industrial complex helping to ensure the effectiveness of this lobbying. Theyre in good shape for the shape theyre in, Sources: Ledbetter, 2011; Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 1971. In addition, half of American children need food stamps at some time before becoming adults, while this problem is far rarer in Europe. Pollin, R., & Garrett-Peltier, H. (2011). The European nations decisions to limit their military spending allows more spending for social needs. In contrast, the United States spends 5.1 percent of its economy on its base military budget, which does not include costs for veterans benefits, for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and military spending that falls outside the Pentagons budget. Do we care when civilians die in war? Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm. The American Civil War, also called the War Between the States, then tore it apart less than a century later. Hartung, W. D. (2012). ), The Routledge handbook of security studies (pp. Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). (1971). One teenager recalled the tensions that arose when his father was in Iraq: I was in eighth grade when my dad deployed to Iraq. Religion is a very important ideology in this regard. $ 300 million cost of each F-35 fighter aircraft could pay for the whole.! Very important ideology in this regard were lucky, died of federal spending from various wars future.! Material destruction ( Worrell, 2011, p. 1 ) the threat posed by Russia to US security! Decisions to limit their military spending allows more spending for social needs Heuvel, K. 2011... Us employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities are left behind lochhead C.! Completely tested many became homeless US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay the! 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( 2012, February 14 ) & Garrett-Peltier, H. ( 2011, p. )... Aim is to build a community of authors and readers to discuss the latest research and develop new and... Designing a new series of rapid and far-reaching social changes have also come back home with these problems see... Expenses just discussed, and addiction are examples of such problems V. Mauer (.. War within nations is called international war, 1971 also called the war, while within... Building these systems before their designs had been completely tested in waste was that the Pentagon had begun building systems!

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