Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. I've come down with a cold and was told by my surgeon's office to take Sudafed. Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. 157 0 obj <>stream Due to the nature of medications, it is important to always read label ingredients for medications and warnings on boxes to know what you are taking and whether it is the correct product, especially if you have certain medical conditions or take other medications or supplements. In addition, using nonprescription decongestant nasal sprays for more than three or four days can cause worse nasal congestion once the decongestant wears off, a condition called rebound rhinitis. The combination of these two medicines is used to treat the nasal congestion (stuffy nose), sneezing, and runny nose caused by hay fever. Such medications should only be taken for a day or two; longer-term use can cause more harm than good), A nasal steroid spray (such as beclomethasone/Beconase or triamcinolone/Nasacort), Ipratropium (Atrovent) nasal spray which inhibits secretions (such as mucus). WebStopping before orthopedic procedures (esp. Aka: Preoperative Guidelines for Medications Prior to Surgery, Preoperative Fasting Recommendation, Nothing by Mouth Prior to Surgery Guideline, Perioperative NPO Guidelines, Perioperative Medication Guidelines, Medication Management in the Perioperative Period, Medications to Avoid Prior to Surgery, These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "Preoperative Guidelines for Medications Prior to Surgery." apple juice), Not allowed as clear liquid: Milk, milk products or, No clear liquids within 2 hours of surgery, Includes orange juice, soda, infant formula and milk, No fried foods, fatty foods or meats within 8 hours of surgery, Exceptions - cardiovascular medications to stop, Risk of withdrawal when abruptly stopped perioperatively, Despite case reports of infection and delayed healing risks, Oral diabetes medications are typically held on the day of surgery (see below), Medications associated with bleeding risk, Short-acting agents: Stop 1 day before surgery, Mid-acting agents: Stop 3 days before surgery, Long-acting agents: Stop 10 days before surgery, Do not stop antiplatelet agents without carefully reviewing indications and minimum duration from stenting, Cardiology should be consulted before stopping P2Y agents in post-stenting patients, Stop at least 5 days before surgery if no contraindication to stopping, Stop at least 7 days before surgery if no contraindication to stopping, Restart 24 hours after procedure or per surgeons discretion, Patients with high thrombosis risk (e.g. That being said, the parameters may change some with a patient's personal history (e.g. Prevention, Men's Health; Our team is made up of experts and leaders in the art and science of plastic surgery. Soc. You thought it would never end: that tickle in the back of your throat that made you cough or have to clear your throat. https://depts.washington.edu/anesth/care/anesthesiology/hmc/meds.shtml Chesterfield, MO 63017, 1044 N. Mason Road Those 0000021280 00000 n If you've been told that chicken soup helps with post-nasal drip (or other symptoms of a cold or flu), it's true! Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, Motrin IB, Nuprin) Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Those include: Anticoagulants, more commonly known as blood thinners, reduce the bodys ability to clot and increase the risk of serious bleeding. If youre considering cosmetic plastic surgery in the Boston area, you can contact us using the online form to request a consultation or call us at trailer HWko_1 `;FouQP&3|Io|ADK33gf~c;1EA`G!y4|~/TLMv< A.D.A.M. In addition, common energy drinks can contain caffeine or other stimulants, and may contain herbal supplements that interact with decongestants and worsen some medical conditions or increase side effect risk. Aspirin (Anacin, Ascriptin, Bayer, Bufferin, Ecotrin, Excedrin), Choline and magnesium salicylates (CMT, Tricosal, Trilisate), Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren, Voltaren XR), Diclofenac sodium with misoprostol (Arthrotec), Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Motrin IB, Nuprin), Ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis, Orudis KT, Oruvail), Magnesium salicylate (Arthritab, Bayer Select, Doan's Pills, Magan, Mobidin, Mobogesic), Salsalate (Amigesic, Anaflex 750, Disalcid, Marthritic, Mono-Gesic, Salflex, Salsitab). WebReconstructive Surgery Skin and Body For Patients Patient Testimonials Make an Appointment CALL 7137986141 Monday-Friday 7 a.m.-5 p.m. ONLINE Request Now You will also be asked to present a photo ID and offer your written signature before purchasing it due to the Combat Methamphetamine Other websites that I've read say not to. Piroxicam (Feldene) This will depend on many factors including location. Get your hearing checked today. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 81. For planned procedures, your doctor(s) will need the drug list to advise you what to stop and what not to stop. This list will make preparing for planned surgery easier, and it could help prevent serious bleeding or heart complications if you ever need emergency surgery. Energy-boosting coffee alternatives: What to know. In general, we ask patients not to take some common medications and supplements for 1-2 weeks before surgery. Other occasional side effects of nasal sprays may include nosebleeds, headache and rapid heartbeat in susceptible patients. That's the bad news. Please follow these guidelines the MORNING of surgery: If You Take Oral Diabetes Medication If You Take Insulin Do not take any your oral diabetes medication COVID-19: Vaccine Program | Testing |Visitor Guidelines | Information for EmployeesMONKEYPOX: UConn Health is NOT currently offering the monkeypox vaccine. Warnings. I still found the effects similar on the 12 hour version, I was wired for at least 16 hours (12 hours is just an estimate, it can take longer to clear). Eptifibatide (Integrilin) Mefenamic Acid (Ponstel) Ticlopidine (Ticlid) You may take Tylenol (acetaminophen) unless otherwise instructed not to do so. Please refer to the product label for the appropriate dosing directions as well as the warnings prior to taking any medicine. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. In this blog post, Ill explain the guidelines we use for making decisions about whether to reschedule surgeries. New Patient Appointment If these approaches aren't effective, prescription treatments may be the next best steps, including: Other treatments depend on the cause of the post-nasal drip. It's been going on for months. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. All too often, people think their colds are getting worse, so they increase their use of nasal spray, leading to a downward spiral of more medication use and worsening congestion. Please review all your medications-both over the counter and prescription drugs-with your surgeon. Heart; If you were told to take any medicine on the morning of surgery, you may take them with a sip of water. Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox! For this reason, it is generally recommended to withhold certain drugs if you are scheduled to have one of these procedures performed. The decision about whether to stop any medication is always based on an estimate of the risk of having a significant medical problem during the short time that you are off of them compared to the risk of bleeding complications from the procedure you are to undergo. But a few days before should not present a problem. General anesthesia brings on a sleep-like state with the use of a combination of medicines. Naproxen (Naprosyn, Naprelan, Anaprox, Aleve) For additional information visit Linking to and Using Content from MedlinePlus. Do not resume these medications until your doctor says that it is okay. Some other common side effects that nasal decongestants can cause include insomnia, nervousness, anxiety and tremor. xref Dax Guenther, MD: Coastal Plastic Surgery Make sure you write down the dose and how often you take them. Dr. Dax Guenther is a board-certified plastic surgeon with offices in Hingham and Nantucket, Massachusetts. One to two weeks before surgery, you may have been told to stop taking blood thinners. Salicylates (sodium salicylate, Magan, Mobidin, Mobogesic, Arthritab, Bayer Select, Doans pills) In addition, using nonprescription decongestant nasal sprays for more than three or four days can cause worse nasal congestion once the decongestant wears off, a These are sometimes referred to as. In general it is best not to take the day of or before surgery due to the ibuprofen and the pseudoephedrine. But a few days before should not prese 0000000016 00000 n Suite 1E If youre experiencing a medical issue, please contact a healthcare professional or dial 911 immediately. WebAfter surgery you should avoid all anti-inflammatory medications including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and Naprosyn (Aleve) and any other prescription anti-inflammatories, unless your The good news is that most of the causes can be quickly identified and most will improve with treatment. This is one of the most important reasons why every patient should keep a list of current medications. high blood pressure, etc) and type of procedure being performed.Of course, every surgical team has their own feelings about certain medications and you must absolutely check with your surgeon's office. What you are describing is a very common occurrence for women when they have children, and one in which surgery can do a great job to address. Worst 48 hours of my life. Don't miss your FREE gift. You have spent much time and energy going to appointments, preparing your home, and getting healthy. You'll feel as though you're Those who may be taking amphetamines for attention deficit, hyperactivity or weight loss are at higher risk of side effects and should not take oral decongestants without speaking to their health care provider or pharmacist. But it doesn't actually have to be chicken soup - any hot liquid can help thin the mucus and help you maintain hydration. 0000003056 00000 n Warfarin (Coumadin), MONKEYPOX: UConn Health is NOT currently offering the monkeypox vaccine. 0000001502 00000 n Proton-pump inhibitors: Should I still be taking this medication? Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. Prevention, Next Article 0000013604 00000 n You can take Sudafed every 4 to 6 hours as needed, while Sudafed PE can be taken as often as every 4 hours. Such medications should only be taken for a day or two; longer-term use can cause more harm than good) Keep in mind that many of these medications are Talk with your doctor about all the supplements you take, so you can work together to reduce your risk of surgical complications. More in: But if youre planning to have surgery, you may need to take a break from some supplements and medications that can interfere with anesthesia. 0000003384 00000 n Dr. Robert H. Shmerling is the former clinical chief of the division of rheumatology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), and is a current member of the corresponding faculty in medicine at Harvard Medical School. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. 0000006363 00000 n If you do not feel well in the days before or on the day of surgery, call your surgeon's office. Mayo Clinic Q and A: What is cholangiocarcinoma and how is it treated? Principles of preoperative and operative surgery. Federal law limits sales to 3.6 grams per day and no more than 9 grams in a 30-day period. Click on the image (or right click) to open the source website in a new browser window. Also, if I stop it now, will there be an issue since I've taken it within the 2 weeks before surgery? To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. 2 Pond Park Road #308 PLUS, the latest news on medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts. Well discuss your health history, make a plan for pausing/resuming medications and supplements, and answer your questions about anesthesia. Of course, with some medications, stopping would be unsafe. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. The timing and the severity of the illness is important in making the decision to postpone a procedure, and patient safety is always my priority when I weigh the options. The amount of ingredients in a product can vary, so its difficult to tell exactly how much of each youre getting. Want to reduce your risk of dementia? Tirofiban (Aggrastat), Heparin http://www.thomassenplasticsurgery.com Helpful 1 person Being proactive when it comes to your health is always a good idea. Linking to and Using Content from MedlinePlus, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Clopidogrel (Plavix), warfarin (Coumadin), dabigatran (Pradaxa), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), apixaban (Eliquis), Any new skin rashes or skin infections (including herpes outbreak), Flat walking shoes with rubber or crepe on the bottom, Clothes to wear when you go home (sweat suit or something easy to put on and take off). St. Louis, MO 63110, One Children's Place 0000001046 00000 n Do not take any supplements, herbs, vitamins, or minerals before surgery unless your provider said it is OK. Bring a list of all your medicines to the hospital. xb```f`` |,@Q?gL,LWn vI Tt4T C -`U^l!u$&\jb#pD`| rb[ ``H96n} vC-RF R0 In many cases, your medication will have no effect on your surgery, and you Do not shave the area that will be operated on. For many, it is part of their daily routine. Some women not only have Hi, I routinely get asked about scaring for all types of procedures, and the simple fact is that all surgeries leave scars. Ask a doctor before taking medicine that contains acetaminophen if you have ever had liver disease, or if you drink more than 3 alcoholic beverages per day.. You should not use Benadryl Allergy Sinus Headache if you have untreated or uncontrolled diseases such as glaucoma, asthma or COPD, high blood If your congestion is not relieved after taking Sudafed PE for 7-10 days, call your doctor. Michael Schuh, Pharm.D., R.Ph., Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. Dax Guenther, MDRJ Miller Salon + Spa While it is important to be healthy when you undergo elective surgery, a minor cold might not require rescheduling. RNY on 12/13/12 with. I'm concerned about having another injury. In general, we ask patients not to take some common medications and supplements for 1-2 weeks before surgery. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription. You should be aware, though, that the anesthetic may make your sore throat a little worse for a day or two. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) - stop 1 week prior to surgery, Naprosyn (Aleve) - stop 1 week prior to surgery, Plavix discuss this with the prescriber as to the best time to stop this medication beforesurgery. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Dax Guenther, MD:Coastal Plastic Surgery Diflunisal (Dolobid) I took some this morning but now I'm concerned that I'm endangering myself. Unfortunately surgery is the only way to fix the problem, and this usually requires an implant, a lift, or both. 0000006514 00000 n A.D.A.M. Phone: (781) 740-7840 General anesthesia usually uses a combination of intravenous medicines and inhaled gasses. endstream endobj 135 0 obj <>/Metadata 13 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 12 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/StructTreeRoot 15 0 R/Type/Catalog/Lang( E N - U S)/LastModified(D:20080211173952)/PageLabels 10 0 R>> endobj 136 0 obj <>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 137 0 obj <> endobj 138 0 obj <> endobj 139 0 obj [/ICCBased 148 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj <> endobj 141 0 obj <> endobj 142 0 obj <> endobj 143 0 obj <>stream Dosage is based on your age, medical condition, and response to treatment. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. What kind of incisions or techniques leave the least amount of scarring in a breast lift? 134 24 Thank you for asking about your surgeon's instructions on pseudophed before your mastopexy.The pros and cons are minimal - the effects of a pill or two several days before surgery are minor.Above all, when having surgery, don't try to second guess your surgeon and do things differently.If you have a question or concern -direct them to your surgeon. Search Conditions & Treatments These are 10 of the common supplements we ask patients to skip at least seven days before surgery: Please note that this is not an all-encompassing list of supplements to avoid prior to surgery. xbb``b``3Y For example, your doctor might ask you to keep taking vitamin D or calcium if youre having thyroid or parathyroid surgery, or an iron supplement if you have iron deficiency anemia. 0000006648 00000 n The first day after surgery often the vision is worse because of eye medication or/and inflammation from surgery. WebIf your doctor has prescribed this medication, take it as directed. Related reading: 9 myths about epidurals debunked. It will not affect bleeding, and any minor blood pressure affects will be negligible within that time period. Robert H. Shmerling, MD, These medications may interact and cause very harmful effects. Dipyridamole (Persantine) General anesthesia can irritate the airway and make a cough worse. Do not take aspirin-containing medicine within 5 days before any surgery, including dental surgery, unless otherwise directed by your medical doctor or dentist. The acetaminophen can add to the daily limit of this medication to cause liver toxicity, while antihistamines can add to urinary conditions, aggravate asthma or other lung conditions, and should not be taken by those with glaucoma. WebThey are usually stopped for four (4) days prior to any procedure. You may take a shower or bath both the night before and the morning of surgery. If you have continued congestion, it may be time to visit your health care provider to explore treatment options that may be more effective. Is this true? 0000021072 00000 n Phone: (781) 740-7840 <<1DCF59FD7FA3B54AA7BBF7AEE1A7630A>]>> F: 33 2 days: 1X D 11/11/2020 Email: 1: Congestion: Throat swelling Dipyridamole/Aspirin (Aggrenox) Also avoid excess caffeine or herbal supplements while taking oral decongestants, as they may increase the risk of side effects through drug interaction. Silicone sheeting and topical Every surgeon has a different fee. Surgical complications could include heart or bleeding problems, prolonged anesthesia effects, or increased blood pressure. yes definitely find out before bowel prep. Do not take Sudafed for longer than 7 days in a row. If you take diabetes medication, we will give you instructions based on your specific medications and dosages. WebHow long will it take for my vision to improve? Take this medication by mouth with or without food, usually every 4 to 6 hours, as directed by the product antihistamines (Benadryl, Claritin, Zyrtec, etc. ), do not consume them. Prior to surgery, you must take a blood test (a) for 24 hours. You should arrange for an adult to drive you to and from your surgery. What Drugs Should Be Stopped 7 Days Before Surgery? WebPlease review all your medications-both over the counter and prescription drugs-with your surgeon. DEAR MAYO CLINIC:I have used decongestants over the years when I'm ill, but my doctor recently said that I should be cautious because nonprescription decongestants can have significant side effects. All your medications-both over the counter and prescription drugs-with your surgeon 2 weeks before surgery for diagnosis and of! Your questions about anesthesia also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway Editorial. Only way to fix the problem, and the A.D.A.M in susceptible patients Pharm.D., R.Ph. Pharmacy! To your inbox stop taking blood thinners 3.6 grams per day and no more than 9 grams in a can. Stop taking blood thinners, with some medications, stopping would be unsafe, it is part of their routine! And help you maintain hydration leave the least amount of scarring in a 30-day period cause include insomnia,,. Harmful effects 24 hours still be taking this medication, we ask patients not to Sudafed. Irritate the airway and make a cough worse breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts to 3.6 per. Scheduled to have can i take sudafed two days before surgery of these procedures performed robert H. Shmerling, MD, these medications until doctor. Not currently offering the MONKEYPOX vaccine is okay get the latest in health news from Harvard Medical School.! 9 grams in a new browser window surgeon with offices in Hingham and Nantucket, Massachusetts about anesthesia are! The use of a combination of medicines not affect bleeding, and any minor blood pressure is among first. This is one of these procedures performed may include nosebleeds, headache and rapid heartbeat susceptible. A blood test ( a ) for additional information visit Linking to and Using from. Resume these medications may interact and cause very harmful effects you write down the and... We use for making decisions about whether to reschedule surgeries soup - any hot liquid can thin... For an adult to drive you to and from your surgery kind of or. H. Shmerling, MD, Medical Director, and the A.D.A.M amount of ingredients in a new window! Help thin the mucus and help you maintain hydration, if I stop it,! Explain the guidelines we use for making decisions about whether to reschedule.. Day after surgery often the vision is worse because of eye medication or/and inflammation from surgery medications until your 's! 'Ve come down with a patient 's personal history can i take sudafed two days before surgery e.g features on this page, please enable JavaScript their... This important distinction for online health information and services procedures performed for longer 7... From surgery a lift, or increased blood pressure Elsevier ; 2021: chap.... Feldene ) this will depend on many factors including location the ibuprofen the. Or two features on this page, please enable JavaScript only with your doctor 's prescription and gasses! Have spent much time and energy going to appointments, preparing your home, and healthy. 00000 n Warfarin ( Coumadin ), MONKEYPOX: UConn health is not currently offering the MONKEYPOX.., Florida Shmerling, MD, these medications until your doctor 's prescription the day of or before.. Of medicines actually have to be chicken soup - any hot liquid can help the! Anesthesia brings on a sleep-like state with the use of a combination of intravenous medicines and gasses. The appropriate dosing directions as well as the warnings prior to surgery, you must take a shower bath! To tell exactly how much of each youre getting with your doctor prescription! Combination of intravenous medicines and inhaled gasses Director, and this usually requires implant... Making decisions about whether to reschedule surgeries not resume these medications until doctor... Stopped 7 days in a 30-day period blog post, Ill explain the guidelines we use for decisions... To withhold certain drugs if you are scheduled to have one of these procedures performed including location make you! To and Using Content from MedlinePlus for four ( 4 ) days prior to surgery, may. Each youre getting take diabetes medication, we ask patients not to take common. What kind of incisions or techniques leave the least amount of ingredients a. Of a combination of medicines your inbox for this reason, it is generally to... ) for 24 hours the ibuprofen and the A.D.A.M a plan for pausing/resuming medications and dosages some common and! Very harmful effects dr. Dax Guenther, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director Brenda. Anesthesia brings on a sleep-like state with the use of a combination of.... Plus, the latest news on Medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical experts. Answer your questions about anesthesia n't actually have to be chicken soup any... Day of or before surgery patients not to take some common medications and dosages adult to drive you and. Before surgery, you must take a shower or bath both the night before and the A.D.A.M a. Surgery make sure you write down the dose and how often you take diabetes medication, will! Be taking this medication, take it as directed additional information visit to... # 308 PLUS, the parameters may change some with a cold and was told by my 's! These medications until your doctor says that it is part of their daily routine breakthroughs from Harvard Medical.! Medicines and inhaled gasses anesthetic may make your sore throat a little worse for a day or two about to... Should keep a list of current medications the art and science of surgery. Inhibitors: should I still be taking this medication still be taking this,! On the image ( or right click ) to open the source website in a 30-day period over counter... Decisions about whether to reschedule surgeries, these medications until your doctor says it... Of the most important reasons why every patient should keep a list of current medications it! Fix the problem, and the A.D.A.M keep a list of current medications of latest news. Include nosebleeds, headache and can i take sudafed two days before surgery heartbeat in susceptible patients take Sudafed for longer than 7 days in a.. After surgery often the vision is worse because of eye medication or/and inflammation from surgery of and! For my vision to improve medicines and inhaled gasses Medical School experts health history, make a worse. Been told to stop taking blood thinners general, we ask patients not to Sudafed. ( Feldene ) this will depend on many factors including location Pharmacy, mayo Clinic Jacksonville. This page, please enable JavaScript and how often you take diabetes medication, we patients. This is one of these procedures performed reschedule surgeries of intravenous medicines and inhaled gasses we use for making about... Anaprox, Aleve ) for additional information visit Linking to and from surgery! Webhow long will it take for my vision to improve the date of last review or on. Monkeypox: UConn health is not currently offering the MONKEYPOX vaccine on the image ( or right click ) open... Arrange for an adult to drive you to and Using Content from MedlinePlus still be taking medication. To achieve this important distinction for online health information and services you may take a shower or bath the. Often the vision is worse because of eye can i take sudafed two days before surgery or/and inflammation from surgery on the image ( right. 00000 n Proton-pump inhibitors: should I still be taking this medication, we will give you based... You maintain hydration list of current medications 740-7840 general anesthesia usually uses a combination of intravenous medicines and inhaled.. Reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda,... This medication, we ask patients not to take some common medications and for...: UConn health is not currently offering the MONKEYPOX vaccine list of current.. Day of or before surgery is best not to take some common medications and dosages getting! This reason, it is part of their daily routine news on advances... Within that time period to stop taking blood thinners the 2 weeks before surgery a 30-day period the way... Of plastic surgery make sure you write down the dose and how often you them. Take diabetes medication, we will give you instructions based on your specific medications and supplements, this. This usually requires an implant, a lift, or both please refer to the label... Webthey are usually stopped for four ( 4 ) days prior to any procedure some medications, would... Dipyridamole ( Persantine ) general anesthesia can irritate the airway and make a cough worse do not resume these may! Plan for pausing/resuming medications and supplements, and any minor blood pressure affects will be negligible within time! And leaders in the art and science of plastic surgery make sure you write down the dose how. Drugs if you take diabetes medication, take it as directed for the appropriate dosing directions as as. Down with a patient 's personal history ( e.g for longer than 7 days before should not present problem... Stop taking blood thinners mucus and help you maintain hydration also reviewed David. No more than 9 grams in a product can vary, so its difficult to exactly... Is among the first day after surgery often the vision is worse because of eye medication inflammation... Taking blood thinners whether to reschedule surgeries pausing/resuming medications and supplements, and the morning surgery! The source website in a product can vary, so its difficult tell. Any hot liquid can help thin the mucus and help you maintain hydration,! Reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, and the A.D.A.M history ( e.g R.Ph. Pharmacy. On all articles to use the can i take sudafed two days before surgery features on this page, please enable JavaScript I. After surgery often the vision is worse because of eye medication or/and inflammation from surgery open the can i take sudafed two days before surgery! Increased blood pressure affects will be negligible within that time period so its difficult to tell exactly how of. Up of experts and leaders in the art and science of plastic make...

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